Transplant media

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to media containing purified antimicrobial polypeptides, such as defensins, and/or cell surface receptor binding proteins. The media may also contain buffers, macromolecular oncotic agents, energy sources, impermeant anions, ATP substrates. The media find use for the storage and preservation of internal organs prior to transplant.

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application 60/221,632, filed Jul. 28, 2000, 60/249,602, filed Nov. 17, 2000, and 60/290,932, filed May 15, 2001.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to media comprising purified antimicrobial peptides, pore forming agents, and/or cell surface receptor binding compounds and their use for the storage and preservation of organs prior to transplant.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A wide variety of organs, including kidneys, lungs, livers, hearts, pancreases, and small intestines are routinely and successfully transplanted. These organs are obtained either from living donors or from cadaveric sources.

In 1998, a total of 12,166 kidney transplants were performed in the United States by programs tracked by the UNOS Transplant Patient DataSource. A total of 45,189 people were on the waiting lists for kidneys as of Sep. 30, 1999. Over 20,000 kidneys were transplanted between Jul. 1, 1995 and Jun. 30, 1997. The graft survival rate for these transplanted kidneys was 93.4% after three months.

The ability to store organs for two or three days prior to transplantation allows sufficient time for histo-compatibility testing of donor and recipient, transport of the organ between transplant centers, preoperative preparation of the recipient, preliminary donor culture testing, and vascular repair of the organ if needed. The efficacy of organ transplantation depends in part on how well the organ is preserved prior to transplantation. Two methods are used to preserve organs prior to transplant: hypothermic storage and continuous pulsatile perfusion. Hypothermic storage by simple cold storage methods involves removal of an organ from a donor followed by rapid cooling. Cooling is achieved by a combination of external cooling and a short period of perfusion with a chilled medium to reduce the core temperature of the organ as quickly as possible. The organs are then immersed in a flush-out medium at from 0° C. to 4° C. Continuous pulsatile perfusion involves the continuous infusion of organs with a preservation solution designed to prevent low temperature injury.

A number of media have been developed for infusing and preserving organs prior to transplantation. Examples of such media include VIASPAN (also known as University of Wisconsin solution; Barr Laboratories, Pomona, N.Y.), University of Wisconsin Machine Perfusion Solution, Hypertonic Citrate Solution, HTK Solution, HTK Solution of Bretschneider, Phosphate Buffered Sucrose, EuroCollins Solution, and Collins C2 Solution. However, none of these media are able to extend the preservation of organs past about 72 hours using cold storage methods. Additional preservation time would be useful for tests and for transportation of the organs. Furthermore, media that increase preservation time also can be expected to provide healthier organs for transplants performed within 72 hours.

Accordingly, what is needed in the art are improved media for preserving and storing organs prior to transplant. Such media should be able to extend the preservation period past 72 hours and provide organs with increased functionality upon transplant.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to media comprising antimicrobial polypeptides or pore forming agents and/or cell surface receptor binding compounds and their use for the storage and preservation of organs prior to transplant.

The present invention is not limited to any particular media or formulation. Indeed, a variety of medias and formulations are contemplated. In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions comprising a purified antimicrobial polypeptide and hydroxyethyl starch. The present invention is not limited to any particular antimicrobial peptide. Indeed a variety of antimicrobial peptides are contemplated, including, but not limited to, those identified by SEQ ID NOs:1-96. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is a defensin. The present invention is not limited to any particular defensin. Indeed, the use of a variety of defensins is contemplated, including, but not limited to those identified by SEQ ID NOs:37-96. In particularly preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is bovine dodecapeptide or BNP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 37). In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide or defensin comprises D-amino acids. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide and hydroxyethyl starch are in solution. The media of the present invention are not limited to any particular concentration of antimicrobial peptide. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 0.01 to 1000 mg/l and preferably from about 0.1 to 5 mg/l). The present invention is not limited to any particular concentration of hydroxyethyl starch. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 1 to 200 g/l). In some embodiments, the media further comprises a cell surface receptor binding compound. The present invention is not limited to any particular cell surface receptor binding compound. Indeed, a variety of cell surface receptor binding compounds are contemplated, including, but not limited to IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and substance P.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides compositions comprising an antimicrobial polypeptide and an impermeant anion selected from the group consisting of lactobionic acid and gluconate. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide and the impermeant ion are in solution. The present invention is not limited to any particular antimicrobial peptide. Indeed a variety of antimicrobial peptides are contemplated, including, but not limited to, those identified by SEQ ID NOs:1-96. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is a defensin. The present invention is not limited to any particular defensin. Indeed, the use of a variety of defensins is contemplated, including, but not limited to those identified by SEQ ID NOs:37-96. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide or defensin comprises D-amino acids. In particularly preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is bovine dodecapeptide or BNP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 37). The media of the present invention are not limited to any particular concentration of antimicrobial peptide. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 0.01 to 1000 mg/l and preferably from about 0.1 to 5 mg/l). The media of the present invention are not limited to any particular concentration of impermeant ion. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 1 to 500 mM). In some embodiments, the media further comprises a cell surface receptor binding compound. The present invention is not limited to any particular cell surface receptor binding compound. Indeed, a variety of cell surface receptor binding compounds are contemplated, including, but not limited to IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and substance P. In some preferred embodiments, the media does not require the use of hydroxyethyl starch.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides compositions comprising an antimicrobial polypeptide and glutathione. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide and the impermeant ion are in solution. The present invention is not limited to any particular antimicrobial peptide. Indeed a variety of antimicrobial peptides are contemplated, including, but not limited to, those identified by SEQ ID NOs:1-96. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is a defensin. The present invention is not limited to any particular defensin. Indeed, the use of a variety of defensins is contemplated, including, but not limited to those identified by SEQ ID NOs:37-96. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide or defensin comprises D-amino acids. In particularly preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is bovine dodecapeptide or BNP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 37). The media of the present invention are not limited to any particular concentration of antimicrobial peptide. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 0.01 to 1000 mg/l and preferably from about 0.1 to 5 mg/l). The media of the present invention are not limited to any particular concentration of glutathione. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 0.1 to 100 mM). In some embodiments, the media further comprises a cell surface receptor binding compound. The present invention is not limited to any particular cell surface receptor binding compound. Indeed, a variety of cell surface receptor binding compounds are contemplated, including, but not limited to IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and substance P. In some preferred embodiments, the media does not require the use of hydroxyethyl starch.

In further embodiments, the present invention provides compositions comprising a purified antimicrobial polypeptide and an ex vivo internal organ. The present invention is not limited to any particular internal organ. Indeed, a variety of internal organs are contemplated, including, but not limited to kidneys, hearts, lungs, small intestines, large intestines, livers, and pancreases. The present invention is not limited to organs from any particular species of animal. Indeed, use of organs from a variety of animals is contemplated, including organs from humans, pigs, and dogs. The present invention is not limited to any particular antimicrobial peptide. Indeed a variety of antimicrobial peptides are contemplated, including, but not limited to, those identified by SEQ ID NOs:1-96. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is a defensin. The present invention is not limited to any particular defensin. Indeed, the use of a variety of defensins is contemplated, including, but not limited to those identified by SEQ ID NOs:37-96. In particularly preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is bovine dodecapeptide or BNP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 37). In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide or defensin comprises D-amino acids. The media of the present invention are not limited to any particular concentration of antimicrobial peptide. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 0.01 to 1000 mg/l and preferably from about 0.1 to 5 mg/l). In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a macromolecular oncotic agent. The present invention is not limited to any particular macromolecular oncotic agent. Indeed, a variety of macromolecular oncotic agents are contemplated, including, but not limited to hydroxyethyl starch, dextran, and glucose. In other embodiments, the composition further comprises an impermeant anion. The present invention is not limited to any particular impermeant anion. Indeed, a variety of impermeant anions are contemplated, including, but not limited to, gluconate and lactobionic acid. In still further embodiments, the compositions comprise glutathione. In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a cell surface receptor binding compound. The present invention is not limited to any particular cell surface receptor binding compound. Indeed, a variety of cell surface receptor binding compounds are contemplated, including, but not limited to IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and substance P. In some preferred embodiments, the media does not require the use of hydroxyethyl starch.

In still other embodiments, the present invention provides methods comprising a) providing cellular material and a solution comprising a purified antimicrobial polypeptide and b) storing the cellular material in said solution comprising a purified antimicrobial peptide. The present invention is not limited to the storage of any particular cellular material. Indeed, a variety of cellular materials are contemplated, including but not limited to internal organs, skin, and gametes. In some preferred embodiments, the cellular material is an internal organ. The present invention is not limited to any particular internal organ. Indeed, a variety of internal organs are contemplated, including, but not limited to kidneys, hearts, lungs, small intestines, large intestines, livers, and pancreases. The present invention is not limited to organs from any particular species of animal. Indeed, use of organs from a variety of animals is contemplated, including organs from humans, pigs, and dogs. In some embodiments, the internal organ is infused with the solution. The present invention is not limited to any particular antimicrobial peptide. Indeed a variety of antimicrobial peptides are contemplated, including, but not limited to, those identified by SEQ ID NOs:1-96. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is a defensin. The present invention is not limited to any particular defensin. Indeed, the use of a variety of defensins is contemplated, including, but not limited to those identified by SEQ ID NOs:37-96. In particularly preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is bovine dodecapeptide or BNP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 37). In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide or defensin comprises D-amino acids. The media of the present invention are not limited to any particular concentration of antimicrobial peptide. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 0.01 to 1000 mg/l and preferably from about 0.1 to 5 mg/l). In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a macromolecular oncotic agent. The present invention is not limited to any particular macromolecular oncotic agent. Indeed, a variety of macromolecular oncotic agents are contemplated, including, but not limited to hydroxyethyl starch, dextran, and glucose. In other embodiments, the composition further comprises an impermeant anion. The present invention is not limited to any particular impermeant anion. Indeed, a variety of impermeant anions are contemplated, including, but not limited to, gluconate and lactobionic acid. In still further embodiments, the compositions comprise glutathione. In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a cell surface receptor binding compound. The present invention is not limited to any particular cell surface receptor binding compound. Indeed, a variety of cell surface receptor binding compounds are contemplated, including, but not limited to IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and substance P. In some preferred embodiments, the media does not require the use of hydroxyethyl starch.

In still further embodiments, the present invention provides compositions comprising a cell surface receptor binding compound and hydroxyethyl starch. The present invention is not limited to any particular cell surface receptor binding compound. Indeed, a variety of cell surface receptor binding compounds are contemplated, including, but not limited to IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and substance P.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides compositions comprising a cell surface receptor binding compound and an internal organ. In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a macromolecular oncotic agent. The present invention is not limited to any particular macromolecular oncotic agent. Indeed, a variety of macromolecular oncotic agents are contemplated, including, but not limited to hydroxyethyl starch, dextran, and glucose. In other embodiments, the composition further comprises an impermeant anion. The present invention is not limited to any particular impermeant anion. Indeed, a variety of impermeant anions are contemplated, including, but not limited to, gluconate and lactobionic acid. In still further embodiments, the compositions comprise glutathione. In some preferred embodiments, the media does not require the use of hydroxyethyl starch.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions comprising trehalose and hydroxyethyl starch. In some preferred embodiments, the trehalose and hydroxyethyl starch are in solution. The present invention is not limited to any particular concentration of trehalose. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 1 mM to 30 mM). In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise an antimicrobial peptide and/or cell surface receptor binding compound. In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a cell surface receptor binding compound. The present invention is not limited to any particular cell surface receptor binding compound. Indeed, a variety of cell surface receptor binding compounds are contemplated, including, but not limited to IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and substance P. The present invention is not limited to any particular antimicrobial peptide. Indeed a variety of antimicrobial peptides are contemplated, including, but not limited to, those identified by SEQ ID NOs:1-96. In some preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is a defensin. The present invention is not limited to any particular defensin. Indeed, the use of a variety of defensins is contemplated, including, but not limited to those identified by SEQ ID NOs:37-96. In particularly preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is bovine dodecapeptide or BNP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 37). The media of the present invention are not limited to any particular concentration of antimicrobial peptide. Indeed, a range of concentrations are contemplated (e.g., from about 0.01 to 1000 mg/l and preferably from about 0.1 to 5 mg/l). In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a macromolecular oncotic agent. The present invention is not limited to any particular macromolecular oncotic agent. Indeed, a variety of macromolecular oncotic agents are contemplated, including, but not limited to hydroxyethyl starch, dextran, and glucose. In other embodiments, the composition further comprises an impermeant anion. The present invention is not limited to any particular impermeant anion. Indeed, a variety of impermeant anions are contemplated, including, but not limited to, gluconate and lactobionic acid. In still further embodiments, the compositions comprise glutathione.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides a kit comprising a vessel containing a solution comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of lactobionate and hydroxyethyl starch; and a vessel containing an antimicrobial polypeptide. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide is BNP-1. In other embodiments, the vessel containing an antimicrobial polypeptide further comprises a cell surface receptor binding compound. In further embodiments, the cell surface receptor binding compound is selected from the group consisting of IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and substance P. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises instructions for combining said solution and the antimicrobial polypeptide.

In still further embodiments, the present invention provides processes for producing a storage solution comprising providing a solution comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl starch and lactobionate and a purified antimicrobial polypeptide; and combining said solution with the purified antimicrobial polypeptide. In some embodiments, the method further comprising the steps of providing at least one cell surface receptor binding compound and combining the at least one cell surface receptor binding compound with the solution and the antimicrobial polypeptide.

In some preferred embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising hydroxyethyl starch or lactobionate and an antimicrobial polypeptide for use as an organ storage or perfusion solution. In some embodiments, the composition further comprising a cell surface receptor binding compound. In other preferred embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising a purified antimicrobial polypeptide (e.g., BNP-1) and at least one purified cell surface receptor binding compound (e.g., IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and substance P), for use as a supplement for organ storage solutions.

In some embodiments, the media described herein further comprise a microtubule stabilizing agent selected from the group consisting of taxol, discodermolide, epothilone A and B, vinblastine, and vinchristine.

In still further embodiments, the present invention provides methods and compositions for stabilizing microtubules in cells, tissues, or organs, either in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo. In preferred embodiments, the compositions comprise a defensin (e.g., BNP-1). In other preferred embodiments, the compositions comprise a cell surface receptor binding compound, impermeant anion, energy source, or macromolecular oncotic agent as described in more detail above. In other particularly preferred embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising a defensin (e.g., BNP-1) for use in stabilizing microtubules and/or actin filaments. In still other embodiments, the present invention provides methods and processes comprising providing a cell, tissue or organ, and a composition comprising a purified defensin, and treating the cell, tissue, or organ under conditions such that the cytoskeleton of the cell tissue, or organ is stabilized. In particularly preferred embodiments, microtubules and and/or actin filaments are stabilized. In still other particularly preferred embodiments, the defensin id BNP-1 (SEQ ID NO: 37).

In still further embodiments, the present invention provides a composition substantially as described in any of the examples herein.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a graph showing serum creatinine levels (Y-axis) over time (X-axis) in dogs receiving kidneys stored for 3 days in UW solution alone (solid line) or in UW solution supplemented with BNP-1 (dashed line).

FIG. 2 is a graph showing serum creatinine levels (Y-axis) over time (X-axis) in dogs receiving kidneys stored for four days in UW solution alone (solid circles), in UW solution supplemented with BNP-1 (solid squares), or in UW solution supplemented with BNP-1 and growth factors (x's).

FIG. 3 is a graph showing serum creatinine levels (Y-axis) over time (X-axis) in dogs receiving kidneys stored for four days in UW solution alone (solid triangles) or six days in UW solution supplemented with trophic factors (unfilled triangles).

FIG. 4 is a graph showing serum creatinine levels (Y-axis) over time (X-axis) in dogs receiving kidneys stored for three days in UW solution alone (solid tangles) or six days in UW solution supplemented with trophic factors (squares).

FIG. 5 is a graph showing serum creatinine levels (Y-axis) over time (X-axis) in dogs receiving kidneys stored for three days in UW solution alone (squares) or five days in UW solution supplemented with trophic factors (circles).

FIG. 6 is a graph showing serum creatinine levels (Y-axis) over time (X-axis) in dogs receiving kidneys stored for three days in UW solution alone (squares) or four days in UW solution supplemented with trophic factors (diamonds).

FIG. 7 is a graph showing serum creatinine levels (Y-axis) over time (X-axis) in dogs receiving kidneys stored for four days in UW solution alone (solid triangles) or four days in UW solution supplemented with trophic factors (diamonds).

FIG. 8 is a graph showing serum creatinine levels (Y-axis) over time (X-axis) in dogs receiving kidneys stored for five days in UW solution with trophic factors and with starch (circles) or five days in UW solution supplemented with trophic factors and without starch (squares).

FIG. 9 is a graph showing serum creatinine levels (Y-axis) over time (X-axis) in dogs receiving kidneys stored for three days in UW solution supplemented with BNP-1 (L-form isomer)(circles) or three days in UW solution supplemented with BNP-1 (D-form isomer) (squares).

Definitions

To facilitate understanding of the invention, a number of terms are defined below.

As used herein, the term “antimicrobial polypeptide” refers to polypeptides that inhibit the growth of microbes (e.g., bacteria). Examples of antimicrobial polypeptides include, but are not limited to, the polypeptides described in Table 1 below (e.g., defensins). Antimicrobial polypeptides include peptides synthesized from both L-amino and D-amino acids.

As used herein, the term “pore forming agent” refers to any agent (e.g., peptide or other organic compound) that forms pores in a biological membrane. When the pore forming agent is a peptide, the peptide can be synthesized from both L-amino and D-amino acids.

As used herein, the term “cell surface receptor binding compound” refers to any compound that directly or indirectly (e.g., binding through an intermediate agent) binds to a cell surface receptor (e.g., an agonist). Cell surface receptor binding compounds can be proteins (e.g., IGF-1 [insulin-like growth factor 1], IGF-2 [insulin-like growth factor 2], NGF-β[nerve growth factor-β], EGF [epidermal growth factor], CSGF [colony-stimulating growth factor], FGF [fibroblast growth factor], PDGF [platelet-derived growth factor], VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor], TGF-β [transforming growth factor β], and bone morphogenetic proteins), either purified from natural sources or genetically engineered, as well as fragments, mimetics, derivatives or modifications thereof, and other organic compounds that bind to cell surface receptors (e.g., prostaglandins). Further examples of cell surface receptor binding compounds are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,183,805; 5,218,093; 5,130,298; 5,639,664; 5,457,034; 5,210,185; 5,470828; 5,650,496; 5,998,376; and 5,410,019; all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

As used herein, the term “cellular material” refers to any material or composition comprising cells (e.g., cultured cells, gametes (i.e., sperm and eggs), embryos, tissues, organs, and organisms).

As used herein, the term “internal organ” refers to an organ located in the interior of the body (e.g., in the thoracic or abdominal cavity). Examples of internal organs include, but are not limited to kidneys, hearts, lungs, small intestines, large intestines, livers, and pancreases. Internal organs can be provided from a human donor (either cadaveric or living) or be from an animal (e.g., for xenotransplants or transplant studies in an animal model such as dogs).

As used herein, the term “delayed graft function” refers to the delay in the return to normal serum creatinine following kidney transplant.

As used herein, the term “impermeant anion” refers to compounds that counteract swelling in organs that have been exposed to hypothermic temperatures. Examples of impermeant anions include, but are not limited to, gluconate and lactobionic acid.

As used herein, the term “macromolecular oncotic agent” refers to compounds used to maintain oncotic pressure equivalent to that of blood plasma. Examples of macromolecular oncotic agents include, but are not limited to, hydroxyethyl starch, dextran, trehalose, raffinose, mannitol, sucrose and glucose.

The term “recombinant protein” or “recombinant polypeptide” as used herein refers to a protein molecule expressed from a recombinant DNA molecule. In contrast, the term “native protein” or “native polypeptide” is used herein to indicate a protein isolated from a naturally occurring (i.e., a nonrecombinant) source. Molecular biological techniques may be used to produce a recombinant form of a protein or polypeptide with similar or identical properties as compared to the native form of the protein.

Where “amino acid sequence” is recited herein to refer to an amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, “amino acid sequence” and like terms, such as “polypeptide” or “protein” are not meant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete, native amino acid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.

As used herein in reference to an amino acid sequence or a protein, the term “portion” (as in “a portion of an amino acid sequence”) refers to fragments of that protein. The fragments may range in size from four amino acid residues to the entire amino acid sequence minus one amino acid (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, . . . x−1).

As used herein, the term “variant,” when used in reference to a protein, refers to proteins encoded by partially homologous nucleic acids so that the amino acid sequence of the proteins varies. As used herein, the term “variant” encompasses proteins encoded by homologous genes having both conservative and nonconservative amino acid substitutions that do not result in a change in protein function, as well as proteins encoded by homologous genes having amino acid substitutions that cause decreased protein function or increased protein function.

As used herein, the term “fusion protein” refers to a chimeric protein containing the protein of interest (e.g., defensins and fragments thereof) joined to a heterologous protein fragment (e.g., the fusion partner which consists of a non-defensin protein). The fusion partner may enhance the solubility of a defensin as expressed in a host cell, may provide an affinity tag to allow purification of the recombinant fusion protein from the host cell or culture supernatant, or both. If desired, the fusion protein may be removed from the protein of interest (e.g., defensin or fragments thereof) by a variety of enzymatic or chemical means know to the art.

As used herein, the term “purified” refers to molecules, either nucleic or amino acid sequences, that are removed from their natural environment, isolated or separated. The percent of a purified component is thereby increased in the sample. For example, an “isolated defensin” is therefore a purified defensin. “Substantially purified” molecules are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and more preferably at least 90% free from other components with which they are naturally associated.

The term “gene” as used herein, refers to a DNA sequence that comprises control and coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide or protein precursor. The polypeptide can be encoded by a full length coding sequence or by any portion of the coding sequence, as long as the desired protein activity is retained.

The term “homology” refers to a degree of complementarity. There may be partial homology or complete homology (i.e., identity). A partially complementary sequence is one that at least partially inhibits a completely complementary sequence from hybridizing to a target nucleic acid. This situation is referred to using the functional term “substantially homologous.” The inhibition of hybridization of the completely complementary sequence to the target sequence may be examined using a hybridization assay (Southern or Northern blot, solution hybridization and the like) under conditions of low stringency. A substantially homologous sequence or probe will compete for and inhibit the binding (i.e., the hybridization) of a completely homologous to a target under conditions of low stringency. This is not to say that conditions of low stringency are such that non-specific binding is permitted; low stringency conditions require that the binding of two sequences to one another be a specific (i.e., selective) interaction. The absence of non-specific binding may be tested by the use of a second target which lacks even a partial degree of complementarity (e.g., less than about 30% identity). In this case, in the absence of non-specific binding, the probe will not hybridize to the second non-complementary target.

When used in reference to a double-stranded nucleic acid sequence such as a cDNA or a genomic clone, the term “substantially homologous” refers to any probe which can hybridize to either or both strands of the double-stranded nucleic acid sequence under conditions of low stringency as described herein.

As used herein, the term “hybridization” is used in reference to the pairing of complementary nucleic acid strands. Hybridization and the strength of hybridization (i.e., the strength of the association between nucleic acid strands) is impacted by many factors well known in the art including the degree of complementarity between the nucleic acids, stringency of the conditions involved affected by such conditions as the concentration of salts, the T_(m) (melting temperature) of the formed hybrid, the presence of other components (e.g., the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol), the molarity of the hybridizing strands and the G:C content of the nucleic acid strands.

As used herein, the term “stringency” is used in reference to the conditions of temperature, ionic strength, and the presence of other compounds, under which nucleic acid hybridizations are conducted. With “high stringency” conditions, nucleic acid base pairing will occur only between nucleic acid fragments that have a high frequency of complementary base sequences. Thus, conditions of “medium” or “low” stringency are often required when it is desired that nucleic acids which are not completely complementary to one another be hybridized or annealed together. The art knows well that numerous equivalent conditions can be employed to comprise medium or low stringency conditions. The choice of hybridization conditions is generally evident to one skilled in the art and is usually guided by the purpose of the hybridization, the type of hybridization (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA), and the level of desired relatedness between the sequences (e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Washington D.C., 1985, for a general discussion of the state of the art).

The stability of nucleic acid duplexes is known to decrease with an increased number of mismatched bases, and further to be decreased to a greater or lesser degree depending on the relative positions of mismatches in the hybrid duplexes. Thus, the stringency of hybridization can be used to maximize or minimize stability of such duplexes. Hybridization stringency can be altered by: adjusting the temperature of hybridization; adjusting the percentage of helix destabilizing agents, such as formamide, in the hybridization mix; and adjusting the temperature and/or salt concentration of the wash solutions. For filter hybridizations, the final stringency of hybridizations often is determined by the salt concentration and/or temperature used for the post-hybridization washes.

“High stringency conditions” when used in reference to nucleic acid hybridization comprise conditions equivalent to binding or hybridization at 42° C. in a solution consisting of 5× SSPE (43.8 g/l NaCl, 6.9 g/l NaH₂PO₄.H₂O and 1.85 g/l EDTA, pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH), 0.5% SDS, 5× Denhardt's reagent and 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA followed by washing in a solution comprising 0.1× SSPE, 1.0% SDS at 42° C. when a probe of about 500 nucleotides in length is employed.

“Medium stringency conditions” when used in reference to nucleic acid hybridization comprise conditions equivalent to binding or hybridization at 42° C. in a solution consisting of 5× SSPE (43.8 g/l NaCl, 6.9 g/l NaH₂PO₄.H₂O and 1.85 g/l EDTA, pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH), 0.5% SDS, 5× Denhardt's reagent and 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA followed by washing in a solution comprising 1.0× SSPE, 1.0% SDS at 42° C. when a probe of about 500 nucleotides in length is employed.

“Low stringency conditions” comprise conditions equivalent to binding or hybridization at 42° C. in a solution consisting of 5× SSPE (43.8 μl NaCl, 6.9 g/l NaH₂PO₄.H₂O and 1.85 g/l EDTA, pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH), 0.1% SDS, 5× Denhardt's reagent [50× Denhardt's contains per 500 ml: 5 g Ficoll (Type 400, Pharamcia), 5 g BSA (Fraction V; Sigma)] and 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA followed by washing in a solution comprising 5× SSPE, 0.1% SDS at 42° C. when a probe of about 500 nucleotides in length is employed.

As used herein, the term “T_(m)” is used in reference to the “melting temperature”. The melting temperature is the temperature at which 50% of a population of double-stranded nucleic acid molecules becomes dissociated into single strands. The equation for calculating the Tm of nucleic acids is well-known in the art. The T_(m) of a hybrid nucleic acid is often estimated using a formula adopted from hybridization assays in 1 M salt, and commonly used for calculating T_(m) for PCR primers: [(number of A+T)×2° C.+(number of G+C)×4° C.]. (C. R. Newton et al., PCR, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag (New York, 1997), p. 24). This formula was found to be inaccurate for primers longer than 20 nucleotides. (Id.) Another simple estimate of the T_(m) value may be calculated by the equation: T_(m)=81.5+0.41(% G+C), when a nucleic acid is in aqueous solution at 1 M NaCl. (e.g., Anderson and Young, Quantitative Filter Hybridization, in Nucleic Acid Hybridization (1985). Other more sophisticated computations exist in the art which take structural as well as sequence characteristics into account for the calculation of T_(m). A calculated T_(m) is merely an estimate; the optimum temperature is commonly determined empirically.

As used herein, the term “vector” is used in reference to nucleic acid molecules that transfer DNA segment(s) from one cell to another and capable of replication in a cell. Vectors may include plasmids, bacteriophages, viruses, cosmids, and the like.

The terms “recombinant vector” and “expression vector” as used herein refer to DNA or RNA sequences containing a desired coding sequence and appropriate DNA or RNA sequences necessary for the expression of the operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. Prokaryotic expression vectors include a promoter, a ribosome binding site, an origin of replication for autonomous replication in host cells and possibly other sequences, e.g., an optional operator sequence. A promoter is defined as a DNA sequence that directs RNA polymerase to bind to DNA and to initiate RNA synthesis. Eukaryotic expression vectors include a promoter, polyadenlyation signal and optionally an enhancer sequence.

As used herein the term “coding region” when used in reference to structural gene refers to the nucleotide sequences which encode the amino acids found in the nascent polypeptide as a result of translation of a mRNA molecule. Typically, the coding region is bounded on the 5′ side by the nucleotide triplet “ATG” which encodes the initiator methionine and on the 3′ side by a stop codon (e.g., TAA, TAG, TGA). In some cases the coding region is also known to initiate by a nucleotide triplet “TTG”.

The terms “buffer” or “buffering agents” refer to materials which when added to a solution, cause the solution to resist changes in pH.

The term “monovalent salt” refers to any salt in which the metal (e.g., Na, K, or Li) has a net 1+ charge in solution (i.e., one more proton than electron).

The term “divalent salt” refers to any salt in which a metal (e.g., Mg, Ca, or Sr) has a net 2+ charge in solution.

The term “solution” refers to an aqueous mixture.

The term “buffering solution” refers to a solution containing a buffering reagent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to media comprising antimicrobial polypeptides and/or cell surface receptor binding compounds and their use for the storage and preservation of organs prior to transplant, and indeed, the preservation and storage of cellular materials in general. The media provided herein are superior to previously described media for organ preservation. Animals receiving kidneys stored in the media of the present invention for either three or four days had serum creatinine levels of less than half of those observed in control animals receiving kidneys stored in UW solution alone. Therefore, it is contemplated that the use of the media of the present invention to preserve organs prior to transplant results both in improved function of the organ after transplant and an increase in the length of time for which the organs can be stored (i.e., increased storage capability).

Lowered serum creatinine levels are indicative of healthier kidneys and a more preferable prognosis for the transplant patient. It is contemplated that transplant of healthier organs leads to a decrease in chronic rejection. Chronic rejection is a host versus graft rejection that occurs over a period of months to years, and is characterized by arterial and arteriolar thickening, atrophy, and fibrosis. Chronic rejection is the most common type of rejection for most solid organ allografts. In fact, approximately ten percent of kidney transplants fail each year due to chronic rejection. A 1999 survey indicates that a majority of transplant physicians and surgeons believe that chronic rejection is the area of transplant medicine that needs the most improvement (www.kidney.org/general/news/survey.cfm).

Additionally, use of the media of the present invention for cold storage or machine perfusion is expected to greatly reduce costs associated with delayed graft function in kidneys. Most kidney transplant centers currently experience delayed graft function rates of between 20% and 30%. When kidneys from non-beating heart donors are utilized, the rate of delayed graft function increases to approximately 75%-90%. Delayed graft function has been estimated to add up to $20,000.00 to the cost of a kidney transplant due to dialysis, complications, and longer hospital stay. Furthermore, the incidence of delayed graft function is correlated with chronic rejection (i.e., 53% of kidneys in patients that need dialysis survive 5 years vs. 80% in optimal kidneys). The experimental data provided below in the Examples demonstrates that use of the media compositions of the present invention greatly reduces the time required to return to normal serum creatinine levels and thus reduces the incidence of delayed graft function.

Furthermore, it is expected that the media of the present invention will also be useful for the storage and/or resuscitation of kidneys from non-beating heart donors so that they can routinely be used for transplant. As described above, the delayed graft function rates associated with kidneys from non-beating heart donors exceeds 75%. The major source of delayed graft function of these kidneys is believed to be warm ischemic injury. Most cold storage methods have been completely unsuccessful in reducing preservation injury and delayed graft function. As a result, kidneys from non-beating heart donors that are subject to warm ischemic injury represent the largest untapped source of donor kidneys. It is contemplated that the use of the media of the present invention will facilitate routine use of kidneys from non-beating heart donors, thus greatly expanding the pool of kidneys available to recipients. In particular, the use of the media of the present invention to store kidneys from non-beating heart donors will result in a decrease in the delayed graft function rates normally observed when those kidneys are utilized for transplant.

Accordingly, improved compositions and methods for organ transplant are described in detail below.

I. Transplant Media

The present invention contemplates the addition of antimicrobial polypeptides (e.g., defensins) and/or cell surface receptor binding compounds to media used for organ transplantation and other procedures such as cardioplegia. In Section A, antimicrobial peptides useful in the media of the present invention are described. In Section B, cell surface receptor binding compounds useful in the present invention are described. In Section C, other components of organ transplantation media are described and representative formulas for organ preservation media are provided.

A. Antimicrobial Peptides

In some embodiments of the present invention, compositions for preserving organs prior to transplantation are provided. In some embodiments of the present invention, media for preserving organs comprise one or more antimicrobial polypeptides (e.g., Antimicrobial Peptide Protocols, ed. W. M. Shafer, Humana Press, Totowa, N.J. [1997]) or pore forming agents. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide or pore forming agent is a compound or peptide selected from the following: magainin (e.g., magainin I, magainin II, xenopsin, xenopsin precursor fragment, caerulein precursor fragment), magainin I and II analogs (PGLa, magainin A, magainin G, pexiganin, Z-12, pexigainin acetate, D35, MSI-78A, MGO [K10E, K11E, F12W-magainin 2], MG2+[K10E, F12W-magainin-2], MG4+[F12W-magainin 2], MG6+[f12W, E19Q-magainin 2 amide], MSI-238, reversed magainin II analogs [e.g., 53D, 87-ISM, and A87-ISM], Ala-magainin II amide, magainin II amide), cecropin P1, cecropin A, cecropin B, indolicidin, nisin, ranalexin, lactoferricin B, poly-L-lysine, cecropin A (1-8)-magainin II (1-12), cecropin A (1-8)-melittin (1-12), CA(1-13)-MA(1-13), CA(1-13)-ME(1-13), gramicidin, gramicidin A, gramicidin D, gramicidin S, alamethicin, protegrin, histatin, dermaseptin, lentivirus amphipathic peptide or analog, parasin I, lycotoxin I or II, globomycin, gramicidin S, surfactin, ralinomycin, valinomycin, polymyxin B, PM2 [(+/−) 1-(4-aminobutyl)-6-benzylindane], PM2c [(+/−)-6-benzyl-1-(3-carboxypropyl)indane], PM3 [(+/−)1-benzyl-6-(4-aminobutyl)indane], tachyplesin, buforin I or II, misgurin, melittin, PR-39, PR-26, 9-phenylnonylamine, (KLAKKLA)n, (KLAKLAK)n, where n=1, 2, or 3, (KALKALK)3, KLGKKLG)n, and KAAKKAA)n, wherein N=1, 2, or 3, paradaxin, Bac 5, Bac 7, ceratoxin, mdelin 1 and 5, bombin-like peptides, PGQ, cathelicidin, HD-5, Oabac5alpha, ChBac5, SMAP-29, Bac7.5, lactoferrin, granulysin, thionin, hevein and knottin-like peptides, MPG1, 1bAMP, snakin, lipid transfer proteins, and plant defensins. Exemplary sequences for the above compounds are provided in Table 1. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial peptides are synthesized from L-amino acids, while in other embodiments, the peptides are synthesized from or comprise D-amino acids.

The compounds listed above can be isolated and purified from natural sources as appropriate. The compounds may also be produced recombinantly or synthetically as described below. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial peptide is included in the media at a concentration sufficient to lower serum creatinine levels in kidney transplant recipients as compared to recipients of kidneys stored without antimicrobial peptides. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide is included in the media at a concentration sufficient to cause a decrease in delayed graft function rates of kidneys stored in the media as compared to unsupplemented media. Preferably, the time for return to baseline serum creatinine levels is improved by at least 25%, and most preferably by at least 50%, as compared to control unsupplemented media. In preferred embodiments, the media of the present invention comprise one or more antimicrobial polypeptides at a concentration of about 0.01 to 1000 mg/L. In particularly preferred embodiments, the media comprises a solution comprising one or more antimicrobial polypeptides at a concentration of about 0.1 to 5 mg/L.

The present invention is not limited to a particular mechanism of action. Indeed, an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention. Nevertheless, the data summarized in Example 10 demonstrates that the addition of an antimicrobial polypeptide to standard organ storage solutions (e.g., UW solution) results in both the stabilization of cytoskeletal structure and an increased ability of the cytoskeleton to reassemble upon reperfusion. It is particularly notable that the antimicrobial polypeptide stabilized both actin filaments and microtubules.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the antimicrobial polypeptide is a defensin. In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise one or more defensins. In further preferred embodiments, the composition comprises a solution comprising purified defensins at a concentration of about 0.01 to 1000 mg/L. In particularly preferred embodiments, the media comprises a solution comprising defensins at a concentration of about 0.1 to 5 mg/L. In still further preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide is BNP1 (also known as bactanecin and bovine dodecapeptide). In certain embodiments, the defensin comprises the following consensus sequence: (SEQ ID NO:96—X₁CN₁CRN₂CN₃ERN₄CN₅GN₆CCX₂, wherein N and X represent conservatively or nonconservatively substituted amino acids and N₁=1, N₂=3 or 4, N₃=3 or 4, N₄=1, 2, or 3, N₆=5-9, X₁ and X₂ may be present, absent, or equal from 1-2.

The present invention is not limited to any particular defensin. Indeed, media comprising a variety of defensins are contemplated. Representative defensins are provided in Tables 1 and 2 below. In general, defensins are a family of highly cross-linked, structurally homologous antimicrobial peptides found in the azurophil granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) with homologous peptides being present in macrophages (e.g., Selsted et al., Infect. Immun. 45:150-154 [1984]). Originally described as “Lysosomal Cationic Peptides” in rabbit and guinea pig PMN (Zeya et al., Science 154:1049-1051 [1966]; Zeya et al., J. Exp. Med. 127:927-941 [1968]; Zeya et al., Lab. Invest. 24:229-236 [1971]; Selsted et al., [1984], supra.), this mixture was found to account for most of the microbicidal activity of the crude rabbit PMN extract against various microorganisms (Zeya et al., [1966], supra; Lehrer et al., J. Infect. Dis. 136:96-99 [1977]; Lehrer et al., Infect. Immun. 11:1226-1234 [1975]). Six rabbit neutrophil defensins have been individually purified and are designated NP-1, NP-2, NP-3A, NP-3B, NP-4, and NP-5. Their amino acid sequences were determined, and their broad spectra of activity were demonstrated against a number of bacteria (Selsted et al., Infect. Immun. 45:150-154 [1984]), viruses (Lehrer et al., J. Virol. 54:467 [1985]), and fungi (Selsted et al., Infect. Immun. 49:202-206 [1985]; Segal et al., 151:890-894 [1985]). Defensins have also been shown to possess mitogenic activity (e.g., Murphy et al., J. Cell. Physiol. 155:408-13 [1993]).

Four peptides of the defensin family have been isolated from human PMN's and are designated HNP-1, HNP-2, HNP-3, and HNP-4 (Ganz et al., J. Clin. Invest. 76:1427-1435 [1985]; Wilde et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:11200-11203 [1989]). The amino acid sequences of HNP-1, HNP-2, and HNP-3 differ from each other only in their amino terminal residues, while each of the human defensins are identical to the six rabbit peptides in 10 or 11 of their 29 to 30 residues. These are the same 10 or 11 residues that are shared by all six rabbit peptides. Human defensin peptides have been shown to share with the rabbit defensins a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses (Ganz et al., [1985], supra).

Three defensins designated RatNP-1, RatNP-2, and RatNP-4, have been isolated from rat (Eisenhauer et al., Infection and Immunity 57:2021-2027 [1989]). A guinea pig defensin (GPNP) has also been isolated, purified, sequenced and its broad spectrum antimicrobial properties verified (Selsted et al., Infect. Immun. 55:2281-2286 [1987]). Eight of its 31 residues were among those invariant in six rabbit and three human defensin peptides. The sequence of GPNP also included three nonconservative substitutions in positions otherwise invariant in the human and rabbit peptides. Of the defensins tested in a quantitative assay HNP-1, RatNP-1, and rabbit NP-1 possess the most potent antimicrobial properties, while NP-5 possesses the least amount of antimicrobial activity when tested against a panel of organisms in stationary growth phase (Selsted et al., Infect. Immun. 45:150-154 [1984]; Ganz et al., J. Clin. Invest. 76:1427-1435 [1985]). Defensin peptides are further described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,543,252; 4,659,692; and 4,705,777 (each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the media comprises one or more defensins selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 37-95. In particularly preferred embodiments, the media comprises bovine defensin peptide (BNP-1; SEQ ID NO: 37, Romeo et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263(15):9573-9575 [1988]). In some embodiments, the defensin is included in the media at a concentration sufficient to lower serum creatinine levels in kidney transplant recipients as compared to recipients of kidneys stored without defensin peptides.

Defensin peptides suitable for use in the methods and compositions of the present invention include natural defensin peptides isolated from known cellular sources, synthetic peptides produced by solid phase or recombinant DNA techniques, and defensin analogs which may be smaller peptides or other molecules having similar binding and biological activity as the natural defensin peptides (e.g., peptide mimetics). Methods for the purification of defensin peptides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,543,252; 4,659,692; and 4,705,777, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In preferred embodiments, suitable synthetic peptides will usually comprise all or part of the amino acid sequence of a known peptide, more preferably incorporating at least some of the conserved regions identified in Table 2. In particularly preferred embodiments, the synthetic peptides incorporate at least one of the conserved regions, more usually incorporating two of the conserved regions, preferably conserving at least three of the conserved regions, and more preferably conserving four or more of the conserved regions. In preferred embodiments, the synthetic peptides comprise fifty amino acids or fewer, although there may be advantages in increasing the size of the peptide above that of the natural peptides in certain instances. In certain embodiments, the peptides have a length in the range from about 10 to 50 amino acids, preferably being in the range from about 10 to 40 amino acids, and most preferably being in the range from about 30 to 35 amino acids which corresponds generally to the length of the natural defensin peptides.

In some cases, it may be desirable to incorporate one or more non-natural amino acids in the synthetic defensin peptides of the present invention. In preferred embodiments, non-natural amino acids comprise at least an N-terminus and a C-terminus and have side chains that are either identical to or chemically modified or substituted from a natural amino acid counterpart. An example of a non-natural amino acid is an optical isomer of a naturally-occurring L-amino acid, such as a peptide containing all D-amino acids. Examples of the synthesis of peptides containing all D-amino acids include Merrifield et al., Ciba Found Symp. 186:5-26 (1994); Wade et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87(12):4761-5 (1990); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,831, which is herein incorporated by reference. Examples of chemical modifications or substitutions include hydroxylation or fluorination of C—H bonds within natural amino acids. Such techniques are used in the manufacture of drug analogs of biological compounds and are known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Synthetic peptides having biological and binding activity the same or similar to that of natural defensin peptides may be produced by either of two exemplary approaches. First, the polypeptides may be produced by the well-known Merrifield solid-phase chemical synthesis method wherein amino acids are sequentially added to a growing chain (Merrifield (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2156 [1963]). Automatic peptide synthesis equipment is available from several commercial suppliers, including PE Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif.; Beckman Instruments, Inc., Waldwick, N.J.; and Biosearch, Inc., San Raphael, Calif. Using such automatic synthesizers according to manufacturer's instructions, peptides may be produced in gram quantities for use in the present invention.

Second, the synthetic defensin peptides of the present invention may be synthesized by recombinant techniques involving the expression in cultured cells of recombinant DNA molecules encoding a gene for a desired portion of a natural or analog defensin molecule. The gene encoding the defensin peptide may itself be natural or synthetic. Conveniently, polynucleotides may be synthesized by well known techniques based on the desired amino acid sequence. For example, short single-stranded DNA fragments may be prepared by the phosphoramidite method (Beaucage et al., Tetra. Lett. 22:1859-1862 [1981]). A double-stranded fragment may then be obtained either by synthesizing the complementary strand and annealing the strands together under appropriate conditions or by adding the complementary strand using DNA polymerase under appropriate conditions or by adding the complementary strand using DNA polymerase with an appropriate primer sequence. The natural or synthetic DNA fragments coding for the desired defensin peptide may then be incorporated in a suitable DNA construct capable of introduction to and expression in an in vitro cell culture. The DNA fragments can be portions or variants of wild-type nucleic acids encoding defensins. Suitable variants include those both with conservative and nonconservative amino acid substitutions.

The methods and compositions of the present invention may also employ synthetic non-peptide compositions that have biological activity functionally comparable to that of the known defensin peptides. By functionally comparable, it is meant that the shape, size, flexibility, and electronic configuration of the non-peptide molecule is such that the biological activity of the molecule is similar to the defensin peptides. In particular, the non-peptide molecules should display comparable mitogenic activity and/or antimicrobial activity or pore forming ability, preferably possessing both activities. Such non-peptide molecules will typically be small molecules having a molecular weight in the range from about 100 to 1000 daltons. The use of such small molecules is frequently advantageous in the preparation of pharmacological compositions. Candidate mimetics can be screened in large numbers to identify those having the desired activity.

The identification of such nonpeptide analog molecules can be performed using techniques known in the art of drug design. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, self-consistent field (SCF) analysis, configuration interaction (CI) analysis, and normal mode dynamics computer analysis, all of which are well described in the scientific literature (Rein et al., Computer-Assisted Modeling of Receptor-Ligand Interactions, Alan Liss, N.Y., [1989]). Preparation of the identified compounds will depend on the desired characteristics of the compounds and will involve standard chemical synthetic techniques (Cary et al., Advanced Organic Chemistry, part B, Plenum Press, New York [1983]). TABLE 1 Antimicrobial Peptides SEQ ID NO: Name Organism Sequence  1 lingual antimicrobial Bos taurus mrlhhlllallflvlsagsgftqgvrnsqscrrnkgicvp peptide precursor ircpgsmrqigtclgaqvkccrrk (Magainin)  2 antimicrobial peptide Xenopus laevis gvlsnvigylkklgtgalnavlkq PGQ  3 Xenopsin Xenopus laevis mykgiflcvllavicanslatpssdadedndeveryvrgw askigqtlgkiakvglkeliqpkreamlrsaeaqgkrpwil  4 magainin precursor Xenopus laevis mfkglficsliavicanalpqpeasadedmderevrgigk flhsagkfgkafvgeimkskrdaeavgpeafadedldere vrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgeimnskrdaeavgpeafade dlderevrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgeimnskrdaeavgp eafadedlderevrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgeimnskrd aeavgpeafadedfderevrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgei mnskrdaeavgpeafadedlderevrgigkflhsakkfgk afvgeimnskrdaeavddrrwve  5 tachyplesin I Tachypleus kwcfrvcyrgicyrrcr gigas  6 tachyplesin II Tachypleus rwcfrvcyrgicyrkcr gigas  7 buforin I Bufo bufo msgrgkqggkvrakaktrssraglqfpvgrvhrllrkgny gagarizans aqrvgagapvylaavleyltaeilelagnaardnkktrii prhlqlavrndeelnkllggvtiaqggvlpniqavllpkt esskpaksk  8 buforin II Bufo bufo trssraglqfpvgrvhrllrk gagarizans  9 cecropin A Bombyx mori mnfvrilsfvfalvlalgavsaapeprwklfkkiekvgrn vrdglikagpaiavigqakslgk 10 cecropin B Bombyx mori mnfakilsfvfalvlalsmtsaapeprwkifkkiekmgrn irdgivkagpaievlgsakaigk 11 cecropin C Drosophila mnfykifvfvalilaisigqseagwlkklgkrierigqht melanogaster rdatiqglgiaqqaanvaatarg 12 cecropin P1 Sus scrofa swlsktakklensakkrisegiaiaiqggpr 13 indolicidin Bos taurus ilpwkwpwwpwrr 14 nisin Lactococcus itsislctpgcktgalmgcnmktatchcsihvsk lactis 15 ranalexin Rana flgglikivpamicavtkkc catesbeiana 16 lactoferricin B Bos taurus fkcrrwqwrmkklgapsitcvrraf 17 protegrin-1 Sus scrofa rggrlcycrrrfcvcvgrx 18 protegrin-2 Sus scrofa ggrlcycrrrfcicvg 19 histatin precursor Homo sapiens mkffvfalilalmlsmtgadshakrhhgykrkfhekhhsh rgyrsnylydn 20 histatin 1 Macaca dsheerhhgrhghhkygrkfhekhhshrgyrsnylydn fascicularis 21 dermaseptin Phyllomedusa alwktmlkklgtmalhagkaalgaaadtisqtq sauvagei 22 dermaseptin 2 Phyllomedusa alwftmlkklgtmalhagkaalgaaantisqgtq sauvagei 23 dermaseptin 3 Phyllomedusa alwknmlkgigklagkaalgavkklvgaes sauvagei 24 misgurin Misgurnus rqrveelskfskkgaaarrrk anguillicaudatus 25 melittin Apis mellifera gigavlkvlttglpaliswisrkkrqq 26 pardaxin-1 Pardachirus gffalipkiissplfktllsavgsalsssgeqe pavoninus 27 pardaxin-2 Pardachirus gffalipkiisspifktllsavgsalsssggqe pavoninus 28 bactenecin 5 precursor Bos taurus metqraslslgrcslwllllglvlpsasaqalsyreavlr avdqfnersseanlyrlleldptpnddldpgtrkpvsfrv ketdcprtsqqpleqcdfkenglvkqcvgtvtldpsndqf dincnelqsvrfrppirrppirppfyppfrppirppifpp irppfrpplgpfpgrr 29 bactenecin precursor Bos taurus metpraslslgrwslwllllglalpsasaqalsyreavlr avdqlneqssepniyrlleldqppqddedpdspkrvsfrv ketvcsrttqqppeqcdfkengllkrcegtvtldqvrgnf ditcnnhqsiritkqpwappqaarlcrivvirvcr 30 ceratotoxin A Ceratitis sigsalkkalpvakkigkialpiakaalp capitata 31 ceratotoxin B Ceratitis sigsafkkalpvakkigkaalpiakaalp capitata 32 cathelicidin antimicrobial Homo sapiens mktqrnghslgrwslvllllglvmplaiiaqvlsykeavl peptide raidginqrssdanlyrlldldprptmdgdpdtpkpvsft vketvcprttqqspedcdfkkdglvkrcmgtvtlnqargs fdiscdkdnkrfallgdffrkskekigkefkrivqrikdf lrnlvprtes 33 myeloid cathelicidin 3 Equus caballus metqrntrclgrwsplllllglvippattqalsykeavlr avdglnqrssdenlyrlleldplpkgdkdsdtpkpvsfmv ketvcprimkqtpeqcdfkenglvkqcvgtvildpvkdyf dascdepqrvkrfhsvgsliqrhqqmirdkseatrhgiri itrpklllas 34 myeloid antimicrobial Bos taurus metqraslslgrwslwllllglalpsasaqalsyreavlr peptide BMAP-28 avdqlneksseanlyrlleldpppkeddenpnipkpvsfr vketvcprtsqqspeqcdfkengllkecvgtvtldqvgsn fditcavpqsvgglrslgrkilrawkkygpiivpiirig 35 myeloid cathelicidin 1 Equus caballus metqrntrclgrwsplllllglvippattqalsykeavlr avdglnqrssdenlyrlleldplpkgdkdsdtpkpvsfmv ketvcprimkqtpeqcdfkenglvkqcvgtvilgpvkdhf dvscgepqrvkrfgrlaksflrmrillprrkillas 36 SMAP 29 Ovis aries metqraslslgrcslwllllglalpsasaqvlsyreavlr aadqlneksseanlyrlleldpppkqddensnipkpvsfr vketvcprtsqqpaeqcdfkengllkecvgtvtldqvrnn fditcaepqsvrglrrlgrkiahgvkkygptvlriiriag 37 BNP-1 Bos taurus rlcrivvirvcr 38 HNP-1 Homo sapiens acycripaciagerrygtciyqgrlwafcc 39 HNP-2 Homo sapiens cycripaciagerrygtciyqgrlwafcc 40 HNP-3 Homo sapiens dcycripaciagerrygtciyqgrlwafcc 41 HNP-4 Homo sapiens vcscrlvfcrrtelrvgncliggvsftycctrv 42 NP-1 Oryctolagus vvcacrralclprerragfcrirgrihplccrr cuniculus 43 NP-2 Oryctolagus vvcacrralclplerragfcrirgrihplccrr cuniculus 44 NP-3A Oryctolagus gicacrrrfcpnserfsgycrvngaryvrccsrr cuniculus 45 NP-3B Oryctolagus grcvcrkqllcsyrerrigdckirgvrfpfccpr cuniculus 46 NP-4 Oryctolagus vsctcrrfscgfgerasgsctvnggvrhtlccrr cuniculus 47 NP-5 Oryctolagus vfctcrgflcgsgerasgsctingvrhtlccrr cuniculus 48 RatNP-1 Rattus vtcycrrtrcgfrerlsgacgyrgriyrlccr norvegicus 49 Rat-NP-3 Rattus cscrysscrfgerllsgacrlngriyrlcc norvegicus 50 Rat-NP-4 Rattus actcrigacvsgerltgacglngriyrlccr norvegicus 51 GPNP Guinea pig rrcicttrtcrfpyrrlgtcifqnrvytfcc 52 beta defensin-3 Homo sapiens mrihyllfallflflvpvpghggiintlqkyycrvrggrc avlsclpkeeqigkcstrgrkccrrkk 53 theta defensin-1 Macaca rcictrgfcrclcrrgvc mulatta 54 defensin CUA1 Helianthus mkssmkmfaalllvvmcllanemggplvveartcesqshk annuus fkgtclsdtncanvchserfsggkcrgfrrrcfctthc 55 defensin SD2 Helianthus mkssmkmfaalllvvmcllanemggplvveartcesqshk annuus fkgtclsdtncanvchserfsggkcrgfrrrcfctthc 56 neutrophil defensin 2 Macaca acycripaclagerrygtcfymgrvwafcc mulatta 57 4 KDA defensin Androctonus gfgcpfnqgachrhcrsirrrggycaglfkqtctcyr australis hector 58 defensin Mytilus gfgcpnnyqchrhcksipgrcggycggxhrlrctcyrc galloprovincialis 59 defensin AMP1 Heuchera dgvklcdvpsgtwsghcgssskcsqqckdrehfayggach sanguinea yqfpsvkcfckrqc 60 defensin AMP1 Clitoria nlcerasltwtgncgntghcdtqcrnwesakhgachkrgn ternatea wkcfcyfnc 61 cysteine-rich cryptdin-1 Mus musculus mkklvllfalvllafqvqadsiqntdeetkteeqpgekdq homolog avsvsfgdpqgsalqdaalgwgrrcpqcprcpscpscprc prcprckcnpk 62 beta-defensin-9 Bos taurus qgvrnfvtcrinrgfcvpircpghrrqigtclgpqikccr 63 beta-defensin-7 Bos taurus qgvrnfvtcrinrgfcvpircpghrrqigtclgprikccr 64 beta-defensin-6 Bos taurus qgvrnhvtcriyggfcvpircpgrtrqigtcfgrpvkccrrw 65 beta-defensin-5 Bos taurus qvvrnpqscrwnmgvcipiscpgnmrqigtcfgprvpccr 66 beta-defensin-4 Bos taurus qrvrnpqscrwnmgvcipflcrvgmrqigtcfgprvpccrr 67 beta-defensin-3 Bos taurus qgvrnhvtcrinrgfcvpircpgrtrqigtcfgprikccrsw 68 beta-defensin-10 Bos taurus qgvrsylscwgnrgicllnrcpgrmrqigtclaprvkccr 69 beta-defensin-13 Bos taurus sgisgplscgrnggvcipircpvpmrqigtcfgrpvkccrsw 70 beta-defensin-1 Bos taurus dfaschtnggiclpnrcpghmiqigicfrprvkccrsw 71 coleoptericin Zophobas slqggapnfpqpsqqnggwqvspdlgrddkgntrgqieiq atratus nkgkdhdfnagwgkvirgpnkakptwhvggtyrr 72 beta defensin-3 Homo sapiens mrihyllfallflflvpvpghggiintlqkyycrvrggrc avlsclpkeeqigkcstrgrkccrrkk 73 defensin C Aedes aegypti atcdllsgfgvgdsacaahciargnrggycnskkvcvcrn 74 defensin B Mytilus edulis gfgcpndypchrhcksipgryggycggxhrlrctc 75 sapecin C Sarcophaga atcdllsgigvqhsacalhcvfrgnrggyctgkgicvcrn peregrina 76 macrophage antibiotic Oryctolagus mrtlallaaillvalqaqaehvsvsidevvdqqppqaedq peptide MCP-1 cuniculus dvaiyvkehessalealgvkagvvcacrralclprerrag fcrirgrihplccrr 77 cryptdin-2 Mus musculus mkplvllsalvllsfqvqadpiqntdeetkteeqsgeedq avsvsfgdregaslqeeslrdlvcycrtrgckrrermngt crkghlmytlcc 78 cryptdin-5 Mus musculus mktfvllsalvllafqvqadpihktdeetnteeqpgeedq avsisfggqegsalheelskklicycrirgckrrervfgt crnlfltfvfccs 79 cryptdin 12 Mus musculus lrdlvcycrargckgrermngtcrkghllymlccr 80 defensin Pyrrhocoris atcdilsfqsqwvtpnhagcalhcvikgykggqckitvchcrr apterus 81 defensin R-5 Rattus vtcycrstrcgfrerlsgacgyrgriyrlccr norvegicus 82 defensin R-2 Rattus vtcscrtsscrfgerlsgacrlngriyrlcc norvegicus 83 defensin NP-6 Oryctolagus gicacrrrfclnfeqfsgycrvngaryvrccsrr cuniculus 84 beta-defensin-2 Pan mrvlyllfsflfiflmplpgvfggisdpvtclksgaichp troglodytes vfcprrykqigtcglpgtkcckkp 85 beta-defensin-2 Homo sapiens mrvlyllfsflfiflmplpgvfggigdpvtclksgaichp vfcprrykqigtcglpgtkcckkp 86 beta-defensin-1 Homo sapiens mrtsylllftlclllsemasggnfltglghrsdhyncvss ggqclysacpiftkiqgtcyrgkakcck 87 beta-defensin-1 Capra hircus mrlhhlllvlfflvlsagsgftqgirsrrschrnkgvcal trcprnmrqigtcfgppvkccrkk 88 beta defensin-2 Capra hircus mrlhhlllalfflvlsagsgftqgiinhrscyrnkgvcap arcprnmrqigtchgppvkccrkk 89 defensin-3 Macaca mrtlvilaaillvalqaqaeplqartdeataaqeqiptdn mulatta pevvvslawdeslapkdsvpglrknmacycripaclager rygtcfyrrrvwafcc 90 defensin-1 Macaca mrtlvilaaillvalqaqaeplqartdeataaqeqiptdn mulatta pevvvslawdeslapkdsvpglrknmacycripaclager rygtcfylgrvwafcc 91 neutrophil defensin 1 Mesocricetus vtcfcrrrgcasrerhigycrfgntiyrlccrr auratus 92 neutrophil defensin 1 Mesocricetus cfckrpvcdsgetqigycrlgntfyrlccrq auratus 93 Gallinacin 1-alpha Gallus gallus grksdcfrkngfcaflkcpyltlisgkcsrfhlcckriw 94 defensin Allomyrina vtcdllsfeakgfaanhslcaahclaigrrggscergvcicrr dichotoma 95 neutrophil cationic Cavia rrcicttrtcrfpyrrlgtcifqnrvytfcc peptide 1 porcellus

TABLE 2 Defensins SEQ ID NO Name Organism Sequence 38 HNP-1 Human ACYCRIPACIAGERRYGTCIYQGRLWAFCC 39 HNP-2 Human CYCRIPACIAGERRYGTCIYQGRLWAFCC 40 HNP-3 Human DCYCRIPACIAGERRYGTCIYQGRLWAFCC 41 HNP-4 Human VCSCRLVFCRRTELRVGNCLIGGVSFTYCCTRV 42 NP-1 Rabbit VVCACRRALCLPRERRAGFCRIRGRIHPLCCRR 43 NP-2 Rabbit VVCACRRALCLPLERRAGFCRIRGRIHPLCCRR 44 NP-3A Rabbit GICACRRRFCPNSERFSGYCRVNGARYVRCCSRR 45 NP-3B Rabbit GRCVCRKQLLCSYRERRIGDCKIRGVRFPFCCPR 46 NP-4 Rabbit VSCTCRRFSCGFGERASGSCTVNGVRHTLCCRR 47 NP-5 Rabbit VFCTCRGFLCGSGERASGSCTINGVRHTLCCRR 48 RatNP-1 Rat VTCYCRRTRCGFRERLSGACGYRGRIYRLCCR 49 Rat-NP-3 Rat CSCRYSSCRFGERLLSGACRLNGRIYRLCC 50 Rat-NP-4 Rat ACTCRIGACVSGERLTGACGLNGRIYRLCCR 51 GPNP Guinea pig RRCICTTRTCRFPYRRLGTCIFQNRVYTFCC B. Cell Surface Receptor Binding Compounds

In some embodiments of the present invention, media for preserving organs comprise one or more cell surface receptor binding compounds. Cell surface receptor binding compounds useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following broad classes of cytoactive compounds: Insulin, Insulin like Growth Factors such as IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-BP; Epidermal Growth Factors such as α-EGF and β-EGF; EGF-like molecules such as Keratinocyte-derived growth factor (which is identical to KAF, KDGF, and amphiregulin) and vaccinia virus growth factor (VVGF); Fibroblast Growth Factors such as FGF-1 (Basic FGF Protein), FGF-2 (Acidic FGF Protein), FGF-3 (Int-2), FGF-4 (Hst-1), FGF-5, FGF-6, and FGF-7 (identical to KGF); FGF-Related Growth Factors such as Endothelial Cell Growth Factors (e.g., ECGF-α and ECGF-β); FGF— and ECGF-Related Growth Factors such as Endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor and Tumor angiogenesis factor, Retina-Derived Growth Factor (RDGF), Vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF), Brain-Derived Growth Factor (BDGF A- and -B), Astroglial Growth Factors (AGF 1 and 2), Omentum-derived factor (ODF), Fibroblast-Stimulating factor (FSF), and Embryonal Carcinoma-Derived Growth Factor; Neurotrophic Growth Factors such as α-NGF, β-NGF, γ-NGF, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin-3, Neurotrophin-4, and Ciliary Nuerotrophic Factor (CNTF); Glial Growth Factors such as GGF-I, GGF-II, GGF-III, Glia Maturation Factor (GMF), and Glial-Derived Nuerotrophic Factor (GDNF); Organ-Specific Growth Factors such as Liver Growth Factors (e.g., Hepatopoietin A, Hepatopoietin B, and Hepatocyte Growth Factors (HCGF or HGF), Prostate Growth Factors (e.g., Prostate-Derived Growth Factors [PGF] and Bone Marrow-Derived Prostate Growth Factor), Mammary Growth Factors (e.g., Mammary-Derived Growth Factor 1 [MDGF-1] and Mammary Tumor-Derived Factor [MTGF]), and Heart Growth Factors (e.g., Nonmyocyte-Derived Growth Factor [NMDGF]); Cell-Specific Growth Factors such as Melanocyte Growth Factors (e.g., Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone [α-, β-, and γ-MSH] and Melanoma Growth-Stimulating Activity [MGSA]), Angiogenic Factors (e.g., Angiogenin, Angiotropin, Platelet-Derived ECGF, VEGF, and Pleiotrophin), Transforming Growth Factors (e.g., TGF-α, TGF-β, and TGF-like Growth Factors such as TGF-β₂, TGF-β₃, TGF-e, GDF-1, CDGF and Tumor-Derived TGF-β-like Factors), ND-TGF, and Human epithelial transforming factor [h-TGFe]); Regulatory Peptides with Growth Factor-like Properties such as Bombesin and Bombesin-like peptides (e.g., Ranatensin, and Litorin], Angiotensin, Endothelin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, and Bradykinin; Cytokines such as the interleukins IL-1 (e.g., Osteoclast-activating factor [OAF], Lymphocyte-activating factor [LAF], Hepatocyte-stimulating factor [HSF], Fibroblast-activating factor [FAF], B-cell-activating factor [BAF], Tumor inhibitory factor 2 [TIF-2], Keratinocyte-derived T-cell growth factor [KD-TCGF]), IL-2 (T-cell growth factor [TCGF], T-cell mitogenic factor [TCMF]), IL-3 (e.g., Hematopoietin, Multipotential colony-stimulating factor [multi-CSF], Multilineage colony-stimulating activity [multi-CSA], Mast cell growth factor [MCGF], Erythroid burst-promoting activity [BPA-E], IL-4 (e.g., B-cell growth factor I [BCGF-I], B-cell stimulatory factor 1 [BSF-1]), IL-5 (e.g., B-cell growth factor II [BCGF-II], Eosinophil colony-stimulating factor [Eo-CSF], Immunoglobulin A-enhancing factor [IgA-EF], T-cell replacing factor [TCRF]), IL-6 (B-cell stimulatory factor 2 [BSF-2], B-cell hybridoma growth factor [BCHGF], Interferon β₂ [IFN-B], T-cell activating factor [TAF], IL-7 (e.g., Lymphopoietin 1 [LP-1], Pre-B-cell growth factor [pre-BCGF]), IL-8 (Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor [MDNCF], Granulocyte chemotatic factor [GCF], Neutrophil-activating peptide 1 [NAP-1], Leukocyte adhesion inhibitor [LAI], T-lymphocyte chemotactic factor [TLCF]), IL-9 (e.g., T-cell growth factor III [TCGF-III], Factor P40, MegaKaryoblast growth factor (MKBGF), Mast cell growth enhancing activity [MEA or MCGEA]), IL-10 (e.g., Cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor [CSIF]), IL-11 (e.g., Stromal cell-derived cytokine [SCDC]), IL-12 (e.g., Natural killer cell stimulating factor [NKCSF or NKSF], Cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor [CLMF]), TNF-α (Cachectin), TNF-β (Lymphotoxin), LIF (Differentiation-inducing factor [DIF], Differentiation-inducing activity [DIA], D factor, Human interleukin for DA cells [HILDA], Hepatocyte stimulating factor III [HSF-III], Cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor [CNDF], CSF-1 (Macrophage colony-stimulating factor [M-CSF]), CSF-2 (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]), CSF-3 (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]), and erythropoietin; Platelet-derived growth factors (e.g., PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGF-AB, p28-sis, and p26-cis), and Bone Morphogenetic protein (BMP), neuropeptides (e.g., Substance P, calcitonin gene-regulated peptide, and neuropeptide Y), and neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine and acetylcholine).

In some preferred embodiments, EGF, IGF-1, and/or NGF are included in the media at a concentration of about 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml, most preferably about 10 ng/ml. In other preferred embodiments, substance P is included at a concentration of about 0.1 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml, most preferably about 2.5 μg/ml. In some embodiments, NGF is deleted as it may not be essential for suppressing delayed graft function. In some embodiments, the cell surface receptor binding compound is included in the media at a concentration sufficient to lower serum creatinine levels in kidney transplant recipients as compared to recipients of kidneys stored without cell surface receptor binding compounds. In other embodiments, the cell surface receptor binding compound(s) are included in the media at concentrations sufficient to cause a decrease in delayed graft function rates of kidneys stored in the media as compared to unsupplemented media. Preferably, the time for return to baseline serum creatinine levels is improved by at least 25%, and most preferably by at least 50%, as compared to control unsupplemented media.

Suitable cell surface receptor binding compounds may be obtained from commercial sources, purified from natural sources, or be produced by recombinant methods. Recombinant cell surface receptor binding compounds can be produced from wild-type coding sequences or from variant sequences that encode functional cell surface receptor binding compounds. Suitable cell surface receptor binding compounds also include analogs which may be smaller peptides or other molecules having similar binding and biological activity as the natural cell surface receptor binding compounds. Methods for producing cell surface receptor binding compounds are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,183,805; 5,218,093; 5,130,298; 5,639,664; 5,457,034; 5,210,185; 5,470828; 5,650,496; 5,998,376; and 5,410,019; all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

C. Other Transplant Media Components

In certain embodiments, a number of other components are utilized in the media of the present invention to provide the proper balance of electrolytes, a physiological pH, proper oncotic pressure, etc. Therefore, it is contemplated that the media comprises one or more components selected from one or more of the following general groups: 1) electrolytes; 2) oncotic agents; 3) buffers; 4) energy sources; 5) impermeant anions; 6) free radical scavengers; and/or 7) ATP sources. Examples of these components are provided below along with several exemplary media formulations. Examples of media that can be supplemented with defensins include VIASPAN (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,798,824; 4,873,230; and 5,696,152, each of which is incorporated herein by reference) and various HYPOTHERMOSOL formulations (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,514,536 and 6,045,990, each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

1) Electrolytes

In some embodiments of the present invention, the media comprises electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, and phosphate) in concentrations approximating those found in blood plasma. For example, in some embodiments, potassium and phosphate are provided as KH₂PO₄ in range from about 10 to 50 mM, preferably about 25 mM; magnesium is provided as magnesium gluconate in a range of from about 1 to 10 mM, preferably about 5 mM; sodium is provided as sodium gluconate in a range of from about 50 mM to about 150 mM, preferably about 105 mM; and calcium and chloride are provided as CaCl₂ in a range of from about 0.1 to 5.0 mM, preferably about 0.5 mM.

In other embodiments, the concentration of individual electrolytes may be varied from physiological concentrations. For example, it is known that membrane pumps of cells are turned off during hypothermia. As a result, potassium and sodium exchange passively across the cell membrane. The media can be adjusted to compensate for the influx of sodium and efflux of potassium by providing potassium in a range of from about 35 to 45 mM and sodium in a range of from about 80 to 120 mM. In further embodiments of the present invention, divalent cations can be included in an amount sufficient to displace or block the effect of calcium ions at the cellular membrane. Accordingly, in some embodiments, Ca⁺⁺ is provided in a range of from about 0.01 mM to 0.1 mM, preferably from about 0.01 to 0.07 mM, and Mg⁺⁺ is provided in a range of from about 1 mM to 10 mM, preferably about 2.5 mM to 7.5 mM.

2) Oncotic Agents

In some embodiments of the present invention, the media comprises one or more oncotic agents. In preferred embodiments, the oncotic agent is included in an amount sufficient to maintain oncotic pressure equivalent to that of blood plasma. The present invention is not limited to any particular oncotic agent. Indeed, any oncotic agent can be used that is of a size that does not readily escape the circulation by traversing the fenestrations of the capillary bed. Examples of oncotic agents include, but are not limited to, hydroxyethyl starch, cyclodextrins, and dextran (e.g., Dextran 30, 40, or 50). In preferred embodiments, the media comprises from about 1% to 10% of the oncotic agent. In particularly preferred embodiments, the media comprises about 5% of the oncotic agent. Surprisingly, it has been found that the hydroxyethyl starch component of VIASPAN can be deleted and good results still obtained.

3) Buffers

In some embodiments of the present invention, the media comprises at least one buffer. In preferred embodiments, the concentration of buffer(s) is sufficient to maintain the pH of the media at a range of from about 7.0 to 8.0 at 10° C., preferably from about 7.4 to 7.8. The present invention is not limited to the use of any particular buffer. Indeed, the use of a variety of synthetic and other buffers is contemplated. Examples of suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid; 2-((2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl)amino)ethanesulfonic acid (TES), 3-(N-tris(hydroxy-methyl)methylamino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (TAPSO), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid (EPPS), pH range 7.3-8.7, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM), HCO₃, and H₂PO₄.

4) Energy Sources

In some embodiments of the present invention, the media further comprises one or more energy or nutrition sources. Examples of energy sources include, but are not limited to, sucrose, fructose, glucose, and dextran. Preferably, the concentration of the energy source is from about 1 mM to 20 mM, most preferably about 10 mM.

5) Impermeant Anions

In some embodiments of the present invention, the media comprises one or more impermeant anions. The impermeant anion is included to counteract swelling during cold exposure. The present invention is not limited to any particular impermeant anion. Indeed, a variety of impermeant anions are contemplated, including, but not limited to, gluconate and lactobionate. Preferably, the concentration of the impermeant anion is from about 50 to 150 mM, most preferably about 100 mM.

6) Free Radical Scavengers

In some embodiments of the present invention, the media comprises a free radical scavenger. The present invention is not limited to any particular free radical scavenger. Indeed, a variety of free radical scavengers are contemplated including, but not limited to, mannitol and glutathione. Preferably, the concentration of the free radical scavenger is from about 1 mM to 10 mM, most preferably about 3 mM.

7) ATP Substrate

In some embodiments of the present invention, the media comprises one or more ATP substrates for the regeneration of ATP during rewarming. The present invention is not limited to any particular ATP substrate. Indeed, a variety of ATP substrates are contemplated, including, but not limited to, adenosine, fructose, adenine, and ribose. Preferably, the concentration of the ATP substrate is from about 1 mM to 10 mM, most preferably about 5 mM.

8) Osmotic Agents

In some embodiments of the present invention, the media comprises one or more osmotic agents. Examples of osmotic agents include, but are not limited to, trehalose (α-α-trehalose dihydrate), raffinose, sucrose and mannitol. In preferred embodiments, the osmotic agent is provided at a concentration of about 1 mM to 100 mM, most preferably about 30 mM. In other embodiments, it is contemplated that trehalose is included in the media as protectant. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the media comprises trehalose at a concentration of about 1 mM to 30 mM, preferably about 20 mM. In other embodiments, trehalose is included in the media at a concentration sufficient to lower serum creatinine levels in kidney transplant recipients as compared to recipients of kidneys stored without antimicrobial peptides.

9) Other Components

In some embodiments of the present invention, the media may further comprise a variety of additional components. For example, in some embodiments, the media comprises an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (e.g., allopurinol at a concentration of about 0.1 mM to 5 mM, most preferably about 1 mM). In still further embodiments, the media comprises an iron-chelating agent (e.g., deferoxamine at a concentration of from about 0.05 mM to 5 mM, most preferably about 1.0 mM). In additional embodiments, the media comprises a steroidal agent (e.g., dexamethasone at a concentration of about 1 to 30 mg/liter, most preferably about 16 mg/liter). In other embodiments, the media comprises hydrocortisone (e.g., at a concentration of from about 10 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml, preferably about 36 ng/ml). In still other embodiments, the media comprises ITS (insulin [5 μg/ml], transferrin [5 μg/ml], and selenium [5 ng/ml]). In some embodiments, the media comprises vitamin C (e.g., at about 1×10⁻⁷ M). In other embodiments, the media comprises protease inhibitors (e.g., phosphoramidon [5 μM], thiorphan [1 μM], bacetracin [1 μM], and encaptopril [5 μM]).

Additionally, the media of the present invention may comprise additional cytoskeleton stabilizing agents. In particular, agents such as taxol, discodermolide, epothilone A and B, vinblastine, and vinchristine may be utilized in some embodiments of the present invention, in combination with either the antimicrobial polypeptides or cell surface receptor binding compounds or both. The use of taxol with UW solution is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,152, incorporated herein by reference.

10) Exemplary Media Formulations

It is contemplated that antimicrobial peptides, other pore forming agents, and/or cell surface receptor binding compounds can be added to a variety of media formulations currently being used for organ preservation and/or other surgical procedures such as cardioplegia. Non-limiting examples of these media are provided in the Tables below. It will be recognized that the media may comprise one or more antimicrobial polypeptides (e.g., a defensin such as BNP-1). The media described below may also comprise one or more trophic factors and/or cell surface receptor binding compounds as described above. Accordingly, in some preferred embodiments, the media is supplemented with one or more of the following trophic factors: trehalose (Sigma, St. Louis Mo.; e.g., about 15 mM), substance P (Sigma; e.g., about 10 μg/ml), IGF-1 (Collaborative Biologicals; e.g., about 10 ng/ml), EGF (Sigma; e.g., about 10 ng/ml), and NGF (Sigma [murine] or Genentech [human]; e.g., about 200 ng/ml). In some preferred embodiments, the transplant media is also supplemented with dexamethasone (1-20 mg/l, preferably 8 mg/l), penicillin (20,000-500,000 units, preferably 200,000 units), and insulin (1-200 units, preferably 40 units) prior to use. In some embodiments, an antimicrobial polypeptide is not included in the medium. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide and/or cell surface receptor binding compounds are included in the media at concentrations sufficient to lower serum creatinine levels in kidney transplant recipients as compared to recipients of kidneys stored in control unsupplemented media. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide and/or cell surface receptor binding compounds are included in the media at concentrations sufficient to cause a decrease in delayed graft function rates of kidneys stored in the media as compared to control unsupplemented media. Preferably, the time for return to baseline serum creatinine levels is improved by at least 25%, and most preferably by at least 50%, as compared to control unsupplemented media.

It is contemplated that the media can be provided in a pre-formulated form (which can be in kit format with instructions, etc.) which comprises the antimicrobial polypeptide and/or one or more trophic factors or as a kit comprising at least one container of base medium (e.g., UW solution (VIASPAN), HTK Solution, EuroCollins Solution, or Collins Solution)) and a separate container or containers containing at least one of the antimicrobial polypeptides and/or one or more cell surface receptor binding compounds. Therefore, it will be recognized that the Tables below provide formulations for exemplary supplemented media (i.e., the formula of the media after addition of the antimicrobial polypeptide and at least one cell surface receptor binding compound) and that the media can be provided in either a pre-formulated form or supplemented immediately prior to use. In preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide and/or one or more cell surface receptor binding compounds are provided in stable form that can be reconstituted. Methods for stabilization include lyophilization. In embodiments where the antimicrobial polypeptide and/or one or more cell surface receptor binding compounds are provided in lyophilized form, they can conveniently reconstituted prior to use in sterile water or in an aliquot of base medium (e.g., UW solution) prior to addition to the base medium (e.g., UW solution). In some embodiments, the kits include instructions for reconstitution of the antimicrobial polypeptide and/or one or more cell surface receptor binding compounds and/or for the use of the supplemented medium for cold storage or machine perfusion of an organ.

Alternatively, the at least one microbial polypeptide and/or one or more cell surface receptor binding compounds can be provided as a separate composition (i.e., a “bullet”) that is added to a base medium. In preferred embodiments, the bullet contains a defensin and/or one or more of the cell surface receptor binding compounds described above. In some embodiments, the bullet contains a defensin and/or one or more of the cell surface receptor binding compounds above in concentrations that provide the appropriate concentration when added to one liter, two liters, or five liters of the base medium. For example, in some preferred embodiments, a bullet for addition to 1 liter of base medium comprises 1 mg of an antimicrobial polypeptide (e.g., BNP-1), 10 mg Substance P, 10 μg IGF-1, 10 μg EGF, 200 μg NGF, and an amount of trehalose sufficient to provide a concentration of 15 mM. In other preferred embodiments, a bullet for addition to 1 liter of base medium comprises 1 mg of an antimicrobial polypeptide (e.g., BNP-1), 10 mg Substance P, 10 μg IGF-1, and 10 μg EGF. In still other preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial polypeptide and/or one or more cell surface receptor binding compounds are provided in amounts such when the bullet is added to a base transplant medium and the supplemented medium is used for kidney storage prior to transplantation, subjects receiving the kidneys stored in the supplemented medium exhibit a faster return to baseline serum creatinine levels than patients receiving kidneys stored in unsupplemented medium. TABLE 3 Supplemented UW Solution (VIASPAN) Lactobionic acid 100 mM KOH 100 mM NaOH 20 mM Adenosine 5 mM Allopurinol 1 mM Potassium Phosphate 25 mM (Monobasic) MgSO₄ 5 mM Raffinose 30 mM Glutathione 3 mM Hydroxyethyl starch 50 g/L Defensin 1 mg/L dexamethasone 8 mg/l penicillin 200,000 units insulin 40 units pH 7.4

TABLE 4 Supplemented UW Machine Perfusion Solution Hydroxyethyl starch 50 g/L Potassium gluconate 10 mM Sodium gluconate 90 mM Potassium Phosphate (Monobasic) 15 mM Glucose 10 mM Glutathione 3 mM HEPES 10 mM Magnesium gluconate 5 mM Calcium chloride 0.5 mM Ribose 5 mM Adenosine 5 mM Adenine 5 mM Allopurinol 1 mM Mannitol 14 mM Defensin 1 mg/L pH 7.4 Osmolarity 310

TABLE 5 Hypertonic Citrate Solution Na⁺ 80 mM K⁺ 80 mM Mg⁺⁺ 35 mM Citrate⁻ 55 mM SO₄ ⁻ 35 mM Mannitol 136 mM Defensin 1 mg/L pH 7.1 Osmolarity 400

TABLE 6 HTK Solution Na⁺ 15 mM K⁺ 10 mM Mg⁺⁺ 4 mM Cb⁻ 50 mM Tryptophan 2 mM 2-oxoglutarate 1 mM Mannitol 30 mM Histidine 0.18 mM Histidine HCl 18 mM pH 7.3 Defensin 1 mg/L Osmolarity 310

TABLE 7 HTK Solution of Bretschneider Ketoglutaric acid 1 mM Tryptophan 2 mM MgCl₂ 4 mM KCl 10 mM NaCl 15 mM Histidine 200 mM Defensin 1 mg/L pH 7.3

TABLE 8 Phosphate Buffered Sucrose Sodium Phosphate 53.6 mM Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 15.5 mM Monobasic Sucrose 140 mM Defensin 1 mg/L pH 7.2

TABLE 9 EuroCollins Solution NaHCO₃ 10 mM KCl 15 mM K₂HPO₄ 42.5 mM KH₂PO₄ 15.1 mM Glucose 195 mM Defensin 1 mg/L

TABLE 10 Collins C2 Solution K₂HPO₄ 42.5 mM KH₂PO₄ 15.1 mM KCl 15 mM NaHCO₃ 10 mM Glucose 140 mM MgSO₄ 30 mM Defensin 1 mg/L

TABLE 11 Supplemented UW Solution (VIASPAN) Lactobionic acid 100 mM (potassium lactobionate) KOH 100 mM NaOH 20 mM Adenosine 5 mM Allopurinol 1 mM Potassium Phosphate (Monobasic) 25 mM MgSO₄ 5 mM Raffinose 30 mM Glutathione 3 mM Hydroxyethyl starch 50 g/L BNP-1 1 mg/L Trehalose 15 mM Substance P 10 μg/ml IGF-1 10 ng/ml EGF 10 ng/ml NGF 200 ng/ml dexamethasone 8 mg/l penicillin 200,000 units insulin 40 units pH 7.4

TABLE 12 Supplemented UW Solution (VIASPAN) Lactobionic acid 100 mM (potassium lactobionate) KOH 100 mM NaOH 20 mM Adenosine 5 mM Allopurinol 1 mM Potassium Phosphate (Monobasic) 25 mM MgSO₄ 5 mM Raffinose 30 mM Glutathione 3 mM Hydroxyethyl starch 50 g/L BNP-1 1 mg/L Substance P 10 μg/ml IGF-1 10 ng/ml EGF 10 ng/ml dexamethasone 8 mg/l penicillin 200,000 units insulin 40 units pH 7.4

TABLE 13 EuroCollins Solution NaHCO₃ 10 mM KCl 15 mM K₂HPO₄ 42.5 mM KH₂PO₄ 15.1 mM Glucose 195 mM Trehalose 15 mM Substance P 10 μg/ml IGF-1 10 ng/ml EGF 10 ng/ml NGF 200 ng/ml BNP-1 1 mg/L EuroCollins Solution NaHCO₃ 10 mM KCl 15 mM K₂HPO₄ 42.5 mM KH₂PO₄ 15.1 mM Glucose 195 mM Substance P 10 μg/ml IGF-1 10 ng/ml EGF 10 ng/ml BNP-1 1 mg/L

TABLE 14 Supplemented UW Solution (VIASPAN) Lactobionic acid 100 mM (potassium lactobionate) KOH 100 mM NaOH 20 mM Adenosine 5 mM Allopurinol 1 mM Potassium Phosphate (Monobasic) 25 mM MgSO₄ 5 mM Raffinose 30 mM Glutathione 3 mM Hydroxyethyl starch 50 g/L Trehalose 15 mM Substance P 10 μg/ml IGF-1 10 ng/ml EGF 10 ng/ml NGF 200 ng/ml dexamethasone 8 mg/l penicillin 200,000 units insulin 40 units pH 7.4

TABLE 15 Supplemented UW Solution (VIASPAN) Lactobionic acid 100 mM (potassium lactobionate) KOH 100 mM NaOH 20 mM Adenosine 5 mM Allopurinol 1 mM Potassium Phosphate (Monobasic) 25 mM MgSO₄ 5 mM Raffinose 30 mM Glutathione 3 mM Hydroxyethyl starch 50 g/L Substance P 10 μg/ml IGF-1 10 ng/ml EGF 10 ng/ml dexamethasone 8 mg/l penicillin 200,000 units insulin 40 units pH 7.4

TABLE 16 EuroCollins Solution NaHCO₃ 10 mM KCl 15 mM K₂HPO₄ 42.5 mM KH₂PO₄ 15.1 mM Glucose 195 mM Trehalose 15 mM Substance P 10 μg/ml IGF-1 10 ng/ml EGF 10 ng/ml NGF 200 ng/ml

TABLE 17 EuroCollins Solution NaHCO₃ 10 mM KCl 15 mM K₂HPO₄ 42.5 mM KH₂PO₄ 15.1 mM Glucose 195 mM Substance P 10 μg/ml IGF-1 10 ng/ml EGF 10 ng/ml II. Uses of Media

It is contemplated that the media described above may be utilized in a variety of transplant and other medical procedures. It is contemplated that the media can be used for the preservation of any tissue, organ, cell(s), or organisms, including, but not limited to, organs, genetically engineered tissues, biomedically engineered tissues, sperm, eggs, and embryos. In particular, the media finds use for the preservation of both internal and external organs prior to transplant. In some embodiments, the media is utilized for hypothermic storage of the organ. In hypothermic storage, the organ is flushed with the media, cooled, suspended in the media, and stored. In other embodiments, the media is utilized for pulsatile hypothermic perfusion of the organ. In still further embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising an internal organ suspended in or perfused with a media comprising one or more antimicrobial polypeptides (e.g., defensins) and/or at least one cell surface receptor binding protein. In particularly preferred embodiments, the media of the present invention are useful for decreasing the incidence and/or severity of delayed graft function in patients receiving transplanted kidneys stored and/or treated with the media of the present invention.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising skin or another external organ suspended in or perfused with a media comprising an antimicrobial peptide or other pore forming agents and/or at least one growth factor. In other embodiments, the media may be used in procedures such as cardioplegia (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,536, incorporated herein by reference).

EXPERIMENTAL

The following examples serve to illustrate certain preferred embodiments and aspects of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof.

Example 1

This Example describes the use of media comprising defensins for the storage of organs prior to transplant. The study was performed on adult beagle dogs of both sexes weighing approximately 8 kg. The study employed a kidney autotransplantation with immediate contralateral nephrectomy model. This involved harvesting of either the left or right kidney and flushing it out through the renal artery with the University of Wisconsin solution (See Table 3) either with or without added defensins (1 mg/liter), storage of the kidney under sterile conditions on ice for 3 days, reimplantation of the previously harvested kidney into the abdominal cavity of the same dog and then immediately removing the other kidney.

For harvest of the kidney, a midline abdominal incision was made and the left kidney isolated by dissecting free of any attachments to its artery, vein and ureter. The ureter was ligated with a single 4-0 silk ligature near the bladder and divided proximal to the ligature. The gonadal vein was ligated with 2 4-0 silk ligatures and divided. The renal artery and vein were then clamped and cut and the kidney removed for vascular flushing with preservation solution and experimental storage. The kidney was then suspended in preservation solution in sterile plastic bags and placed on ice in a cooler for storage. The stumps of the renal artery and vein were ligated separately with doubled 3-0 silk ligatures. The excision site was inspected for hemorrhage and any small bleeders were cauterized or ligated. The body wall was closed with O-Maxon in a simple continuous pattern. The skin was then closed with 3-0 Vicryl in a simple continuous subcuticular pattern after which the dog was recovered from anesthesia.

Three days after harvest of the kidney the dog was anesthetized for reimplantation of the stored kidney. Intravenous morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was administered as prophylaxis against intussusception. The abdomen was entered through a midline abdominal incision made by opening the previous incision and extending the incision to the pubis. The external iliac artery and common iliac vein were isolated by blunt and sharp dissection. The external iliac artery was ligated distally, clamped proximally with an atraumatic vascular clamp and divided just proximal to the ligature. The free arterial end was flushed with heparinized saline and its end cleared of loose adventitia. The common iliac vein surface was cleared of loose adventitia by sharp dissection. An atraumatic vascular clamp was placed on the vein both proximally and distally and the vein wall fenestrated using a Metzenbaum scissors. The vein segment was flushed free of blood with heparinized saline. Four 7-0 polyester sutures were placed in the wall of the vein exiting the fenestration and attached to the renal vein. The renal vein was apposed to the side of the iliac vein and the anastomosis performed using two lines (front and back vessel walls) of simple continuous suture. The renal artery was apposed to the end of the external iliac artery using two 7-0 polypropylene sutures and the anastomosis completed with two lines of simple continuous suture. The proximal venous clamp was removed followed by the arterial vascular clamp. Mannitol (1 gm/kg IV) was administered during anastomosis, which required less than 30 minutes to complete. The bladder was entered through a ventral incision and fenestrated on its dorsal side with a hemostat. The ureter was incised longitudinally for 1 cm and then pulled through the bladder fenestration. The ureteral mucosa and bladder mucosa was apposed using 6-0 Vicryl suture in a continuous pattern. The bladder was closed with 3-0 Vicryl in a Cushing pattern. The contralateral kidney was excised and the ureter, renal artery, and renal vein ligated with 3-0 silk. The abdominal wall was closed with O-Maxon and the skin with 3-0 Vicryl using continuous suture patterns in the linea alba and subcuticular layers, respectively. The dog was then given 500 ml lactated Ringer's solution subcutaneously and recovered from anesthesia.

The results are presented in FIG. 1. As can be seen, dogs receiving kidneys stored for three days in UW solution supplemented with BNP-1 exhibited serum creatinine of about half that seen in dogs receiving kidneys stored in UW solution alone. This is indicative of markedly improved renal function in kidneys preserved in media containing BNP-1.

Example 2

This Example describes the use of media comprising defensins and/or cell surface receptor binding compounds for the storage of organs prior to transplant. The study was performed as described in Example 1, except that the organs were stored for four days prior to transplant. The three test groups were UW solution alone, UW solution supplemented with 1 mg/L BNP-1 (synthesized by Multiple Peptide Systems, San Diego Calif.), and UW solution supplemented with 1 mg/L BNP-1, and the following trophic factors: 20 mM trehalose (Sigma, St. Louis Mo.), 2.5 mg/L substance P (Sigma), 10 μg/L IGF-1 (Collaborative Biologicals), 10 μg/L EGF (Sigma), and 200 ng/ml NGF (Sigma [murine] or Genentech [human])). The results are presented in FIG. 2. As can be seen, dogs receiving kidneys stored in UW solution supplemented with BNP-1 and cell surface receptor binding compounds exhibited serum creatinine of about half that seen in dogs receiving kidneys stored in UW solution supplemented with BNP-1 or UW solution alone. Surprisingly, the serum creatinine levels in the dogs receiving kidneys stored in UW solution supplemented with both BNP-1 and cell surface receptor binding compounds remarkably improved the quality of preservation to the point that they equal 3 day BNP-1 preserved kidneys and 2 day or less storage with UW solution alone.

Example 3

This Example describes results from the transplant of kidneys after six days of storage. This study was performed as described in Example 1, except that the kidneys were stored for four days in UW solution prior to transplant or six days in UW solution supplemented with a defensin and trophic factors (See Example 2) prior to transplant. The results are presented in FIG. 3. As can be seen, the serum creatinine levels following transplant were similar in the two groups. These data demonstrate that UW solution supplemented with trophic factors can be used increase the duration of storage.

Example 4

This Example describes results from the transplant of kidneys after six days of storage. This study was performed as described in Example 3, except that the kidneys were stored for three days in UW solution prior to transplant or six days in UW solution supplemented with a defensin and trophic factors (See Example 2) prior to transplant. The results are presented in FIG. 4. As can be seen, the serum creatinine levels following transplant were higher in the dogs receiving kidneys stored for six days as opposed dogs receiving kidneys stored for three days. These data demonstrate that UW solution supplemented with trophic factors can be used increase the duration of storage.

Example 5

This Example describes the results from the transplant of kidneys after five days of storage. This study was performed as described in Example 3, except that the kidneys were stored for three days in UW solution prior to transplant or five days in UW solution supplemented with a defensin and trophic factors (See Example 2) prior to transplant. The results are presented in FIG. 5. As can be seen, the serum creatinine levels following transplant were higher in the dogs receiving kidneys stored for three days in UW solution as opposed dogs receiving kidneys stored for five days in UW solution plus trophic factors. These data demonstrate that UW solution supplemented with trophic factors can be used increase the duration of storage.

Example 6

This Example describes the results from the transplant of kidneys after four days of storage. This study was performed as described in Example 3, except that the kidneys were stored for three days in UW solution prior to transplant or four days in UW solution supplemented with a defensin and trophic factors (See Example 2) prior to transplant. The results are presented in FIG. 6. As can be seen, the serum creatinine levels following transplant were significantly higher in the dogs receiving kidneys stored for three days in UW solution as opposed dogs receiving kidneys stored for four days in UW solution plus trophic factors. These data demonstrate that UW solution supplemented with trophic factors can be used increase the duration of storage are indicative of markedly improved renal function in kidneys preserved in media containing trophic factors.

Example 7

This Example describes the results from the transplant of kidneys after four days of storage. This study was performed as described in Example 3, except that the kidneys were stored for four days in UW solution prior to transplant or four days in UW solution supplemented with a defensin and trophic factors (See Example 2) prior to transplant. The results are presented in FIG. 7. As can be seen, the serum creatinine levels following transplant were significantly higher in the dogs receiving kidneys stored for four days in UW solution as opposed dogs receiving kidneys stored for four days in UW solution plus trophic factors. These data are indicative of markedly improved renal function in kidneys preserved in media containing trophic factors.

Example 8

This Example demonstrates that hydroxyethyl starch can be deleted from UW solution without adversely affecting organ quality. This study was performed as described in Example 3, except that the kidneys were stored for five days prior to transplant in UW solution containing hydroxyethyl starch and supplemented with trophic factors or five days prior to transplant in UW solution supplemented with trophic factors (See Example 2), and in which the hydroxyethyl starch was omitted. The results are presented in FIG. 8. Surprisingly, the serum creatinine levels following transplant were significantly higher in the dogs receiving kidneys stored in UW solution containing hydroxyethyl starch as opposed dogs receiving kidneys stored in UW solution without hydroxyethyl starch.

Example 9

This Example demonstrates experiments where use of the D-form isomer of BNP-1 was compared with L-form isomer. The D-form isomers was synthesized with D-amino acids. This study was performed as described in Example 1, except that the kidneys were stored for three days prior to transplant in UW solution containing the L-form isomer of BNP-1 or three days prior to transplant in UW solution containing the D-form isomer of BNP-1. The results are presented in FIG. 9. As can be seen, dogs receiving kidneys stored in media supplemented with the D-form isomer returned to normal serum creatinine levels faster than dogs receiving kidneys stored in the media supplemented with the L-form isomer.

Example 10

This Example describes the effect UW solution supplemented with BNP-1 on cytoskeletal structure of kidney cells. Briefly, either MDCK cells or primary kidney cell cultures were stored for three days at cold temperatures in either UW solution, UW solution supplemented with BNP-1, or DMEM. The cells were then labeled with actin and tubulin antibodies and analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Control untreated cells displayed a homogeneous fine fibrillar pattern of actin and tubulin that extended throughout the cell. Cells stored in DMEM culture media at cold temperatures displayed nearly complete dissolution of both actin and tubulin with very little staining present. Cells stored in UW solution had nearly complete disruption of the tubulin elements and significant dissolution of the actin microfilaments. In primary cultures in UW solution, the residual actin in condensed along the plasma membrane. Treatment with BNP-1 during storage resulted in better maintenance of actin and tubulin in MDCK cells. In primary cultures with BNP-1, the tubulin and actin were better stained and more persistent with some condensation along stellate rays which extended from the nucleus out to the plasma membrane of the cells In a separate experiment, the effect of BNP-1 on the cytoskeleton after three days cold storage in UW solution followed by 3 hours warm reperfusion in DMEM culture media with 10% serum was determined. MDCK cells stored in DMEM culture media at 4° C. failed to reassemble the cytoskeleton by 3 hours of reperfusion. MDCK cells stored in UW solution and then reperfused were able to reassemble the cytoskeleton, but in primary kidney cell cultures the cytoskeleton remained abnormal at 3 hours of reperfusion. In these primary cells, the actin and tubulin filaments maintained a coarse clumpy pattern with considerable cortical condensation near the plasma membrane and only a limited amount of fine fibrillar structure that would be considered more normal. Cells stored in BNP-1 supplemented UW solution and reperfused had superior maintenance and reassembly of the cytoskeleton in both MDCK and primary renal cultures with homogeneously distributed fine fibrillar cytoskeletal elements predominating in these cells.

All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described method and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in organ storgae and transplant, cryobiology, biochemistry, or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. 

1-52. (canceled)
 53. A composition for organ preservation comprising lactobionate and insulin-like growth factor 1, said Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 provided at a concentration of from about 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml.
 54. The composition of claim 53, further comprising hydroxyethyl starch.
 55. The composition of claim 54, wherein said hydroxyethyl starch is present in a concentration of about 1 to 200 g/l.
 56. The composition of claim 53, further comprising an antimicrobial polypeptide.
 57. The composition of claim 56, wherein said antimicrobial polypeptide is a defensin.
 58. The composition of claim 57, wherein said defensin is encoded by SEQ ID NO:
 37. 59. The composition of claim 56, wherein said antimicrobial polypeptide is present in a concentration of about 0.01 to 1000 mg/l.
 60. The composition of claim 53, wherein said lactobionate is present in a concentration of about 1 to 500 mM.
 61. The composition of claim 53, further comprising Substance P.
 62. The composition of claim 61, wherein said Substance P is provided at a concentration of from about 0.1 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml.
 63. The composition of claim 53, further comprising Nerve Growth Factor.
 64. The composition of claim 53, wherein said Nerve Growth Factor is provided at a concentration of from about 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml.
 65. The composition of claim 53, further comprising an internal organ.
 66. A composition for organ preservation comprising lactobionate at a concentration of about 1 to 500 mM and insulin-like growth factor 1 at a concentration of from about 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml.
 67. A composition for organ preservation comprising lactobionate at a concentration of about 1 to 500 mM, insulin-like growth factor 1 at a concentration of from about 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml, hydroxyethyl starch at a concentration of about 1 to 200 g/l, Nerve Growth Factor at a concentration of from about 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml, and Substance P at a concentration of from about 0.1 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml. 